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GEOLOCATIONEVIDENCE · A GUIDE FOR UK LAWYERS Geolocation Evidence GPS, Wi-Fi, Cell, EXIF and App Data: Converging Sources, Honest Confidence COMPUTER FORENSICS LAB

§ ABOUT THE AUTHOR PREPARED BY COMPUTER FORENSICS LAB E-DISCOVERY TEAM ESTABLISHED 2007 · LONDON ISO 17025-ALIGNED PROCEDURES MULTI-SOURCE GEOLOCATION LOCATION ACCURACY & CONFIDENCE CPR PART 35 EXPERT REPORT S FULL CHAIN-OF-CUSTODY DOCUMENTATION

§ CONTENTS In this guide 01 Executive summary 02 The problem in plain English: many sources, different reliability 03 The location sources and how they work 04 Accuracy and the confidence ladder 05 Collecting and correlating location onto a timeline 06 Convergence, contradiction and honest limits 07 Deployment: presence, alibi, movement and privacy 08 Source architecture: where else the evidence lives 09 Worked examples 10 Common mistakes and technical limitations 11 Questions to ask · Suggested wording 12 Checklist and red flags · When to involve a digital forensic expert 13 Frequently asked questions 14 Glossary · References · Disclaimer · How a specialist laboratory can assist

§ 01 · ORIENTATION Executive summary The headline point: location comes from many sources of very different accuracy, GPS, Wi-Fi, cell, photo metadata, app and cloud histories, and the reliable answer comes not from one source but from making several converge on a timeline, each stated at its honest confidence rather than asserted with false precision.

§ 02 · FIRST PRINCIPLES The problem in plain English: many sources, different reliability

§ 03 · THE SOURCES The location sources and how they work GPS WI-FI CELL EXIF APP / CLOUD