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IOSLOCATIONSERVICES · A GUIDE FOR UK LAWYERS iOS Location Services, Significant Locations and Frequent Locations The Places a Phone Remembers, and Why It Matters Where the Location Came From COMPUTER FORENSICS LAB

§ ABOUT THE AUTHOR PREPARED BY COMPUTER FORENSICS LAB E-DISCOVERY TEAM ACCURACY & CONVERGENCE ANALYSIS CPR PART 35 EXPERT REPORT S FULL CHAIN-OF-CUSTODY DOCUMENTATION

§ CONTENTS In this guide 01 Executive summary 02 The problem in plain English: the phone remembers where it has been 03 Where iOS keeps location 04 Significant Locations and its protection 05 Accuracy: not all location is equal 06 Attribution, convergence and honest limits 07 Deployment: placing a phone in time and place 08 Source architecture: where else the evidence lives 09 Worked examples 10 Common mistakes and technical limitations 11 Questions to ask · Suggested wording 12 Checklist and red flags · When to involve a digital forensic expert 13 Frequently asked questions 14 Glossary · References · Disclaimer · How a specialist laboratory can assist

§ 01 · ORIENTATION Executive summary The headline point: iOS keeps location in several places, the encrypted Significant Locations record, app location, cached network and system location, and photo geotags, which together can place a phone in time and place with force, provided location is attributed and its accuracy read honestly, and Significant Locations is reached law full y.

§ 02 · FIRST PRINCIPLES The problem in plain English: the phone remembers where it has been

§ 03 · WHEREIOSKEEPSLOCATION Where iOS keeps location SIGNIFICANT APP LOCATION NETWORK / CELL PHOTO GEOTAGS CONVERGE LOCATIONS